Dysrationalia
Intelligence vs. Rationality
Dysrationalia is a concept coined by psychologist Keith Stanovich to address a critical gap in our understanding of human cognition. For decades, society has equated “intelligence” (as measured by IQ tests) with “good thinking.” However, Stanovich’s research revealed that these are two distinct mechanisms.
While IQ tests measure algorithmic cognitive capacity (processing speed, working memory, and logical deduction), they do not measure rationality (the ability to adopt appropriate goals, assess evidence impartially, and take action to achieve those goals).
A person can have a “Ferrari engine” for a brain (high IQ) but lack the “steering wheel” (rationality) to drive it effectively.
The Causes of Dysrationalia
Why do smart people do dumb things? Stanovich identifies two main causes:
1. The Cognitive Miser
The human brain is an energy hog. To conserve resources, we are evolved to be “cognitive misers.” We default to System 1 thinking (fast, intuitive, emotional) rather than engaging System 2 thinking (slow, analytical, effortful).
- Example: A high-IQ doctor might refuse a vaccine because of a scary anecdote they heard (System 1), ignoring the statistical safety data (System 2) that they are fully capable of understanding.
2. Mindware Gaps
“Mindware” refers to the specific rules, knowledge, and strategies used to solve problems. You can have a powerful computer, but if you don’t have the right software installed, it cannot run the program. Common mindware gaps include:
- Probabilistic Reasoning: Not understanding how chance works.
- Scientific Thinking: Failing to test hypotheses or seek falsification.
- Logic: Misunderstanding conditional probabilities (e.g., the base rate fallacy).
Implications for Success
Dysrationalia explains why high intelligence does not guarantee life success. A person with high Dysrationalia may:
- Make disastrous financial investments based on “gut feelings.”
- Fall victim to cults, conspiracy theories, or pseudoscience.
- Struggle in relationships due to an inability to empathize or see alternative perspectives.
The Solution: Unlike fluid intelligence, which is largely genetic, rationality is a learnable skill. By learning to recognize cognitive biases and forcing oneself to engage System 2 thinking, anyone can reduce their level of Dysrationalia.